Substitutions in Baking and Cooking

These are approximate equivalents:
1 tsp baking powder	1/4 tsp soda and 1/2 tsp cream of tartar
1 cup cake flour	1 cup less 2 Tbsp all-purpose flour
1 cup self-rising flour	1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 tsp baking powder and 1/2 tsp salt
1 square chocolate	3 Tbsp cocoa plus 1-1/2 tsp butter
1 cup light cream	7/8 cup milk plus 3 Tbsp fat
1 cup heavy cream	3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup fat
1 cup buttermilk or sour milk	1 cup milk plus 1 Tbsp lemon juice or vinegar
1 1/3 cup packed brown sugar	1 cup granulated sugar
1 lemon	3 - 4 Tbsp juice
Grated rind of 1 lemon	1 1/2 tsp juice
1 orange	6 - 8 Tbsp juice
12 to 14 egg yolks	1 cup
8 to 10 egg whites	1 cup
1 Tbsp cornstarch or arrowroot	2 Tbsp flour (for thickening)
9 coarse crumbled graham crackers	1 cup
11 fine crumbled graham crackers	1 cup
7 coarse crumbled saltine crackers	1 cup
9 fine crumbled saltine crackers	1 cup
1 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water	1 cup milk
1 Tbsp tapioca	1-1/2 Tbsp all-purpose flour
1 whole egg	2 egg yolks plus 1 Tbsp water
1 cup sour cream	7/8 cup sour milk plus 3 Tbsp butter
1 cup yogurt	1 cup buttermilk or sour milk
1 cup honey	1-1/4 cups sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid
1 clove fresh garlic	1 tsp garlic salt or 1/8 tsp garlic powder
1 tsp onion powder	2 tsp minced onion
1 Tbsp fresh herbs	1 tsp ground or crushed dry herbs
1 lb fresh mushrooms	6 oz canned mushrooms